高顿网校USCPA小编今天给大家介绍一下营运资金的相关内容。
  营运资金(working capital),也叫营运资本。 广义的营运资金又称总营运资本,是指一个企业投放在流动资产上的资金,具体包括应收账款、存货、其他应收款、应付票据、预收票据、预提费用、其他应付款等占用的资金。 狭义的营运资金是指某时点内企业的流动资产与流动负债的差额(不包含现金及现金等价物,以及短期借款)。营运资金是企业流动资产和流动负债的总称。流动资产减去流动负债的余额称为净营运资金。营运资金管理包括流动资产管理和流动负债管理。
  营运资金越多,说明不能偿还的风险越小。因此,营运资金的多少可以反映偿还短期债务的能力。但是,营运资金是流动资产与流动负债之差,是个绝对数,如果公司之间规模相差很大,绝对数相比的意义很有限。而流动比率是流动资产和流动负债的比值,是个相对数,排除了公司规模不同的影响,更适合公司间以及本公司不同历史时期的比较。
  Working Capital=current assets–current liabilities.Measure the company solvency ability.
  Current Assets–在一年或长于一年的一个营业周期内变现。
  Current Liabilities–预计要使用current asset清偿或预计将产生其他current liabilities的义务。
  Refinancing.Short-term obligation may be classified as non current asset.
  Requirement
  Intent to refinance a current liability on a long-term basis.
  Ability to do(Have done or Can do)
  考点:Can Do的体现
  不可撤消的融资安排
  贷款方有能力履约
  Cash and cash equivalents
  考点:原始票据期限在90天以上的均不可做为现金等价物。例,12月15购入次年1月10日到期的180天期国库券,可否在年底时做现金等价物核算?不可以
  Bank Reconciliations
  目标:True Balance
  方式:Simple reconciliation Vs. Reconciliation of cash receipts and disbursements
  考点:Nonsufficient Funds(NSF)。Subtract from book.
  Accounts Receivable
  Blank Accounts Analysis Format.
  借正贷负添符号,T型BASE解方程。
  Cash Discount.
  Gross method.If cash discount used,Debit contra revenue account.(Sales discounts taken)
  Net method.If no cash discount used,Credit other income.
  Trade Discount.
  Discounts of 40% and 10%.折上折
  Sales Return and Allowances
  GR:Wait actual.
  SR:Material % of return,establish allowance for sales return.
  Dr.Sales returns and allowances(contra sales)
  Cr.Accounts receivable
  Estimating Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
  REG:Direct Write-Off Method.发生是直接冲销
  GAAP:Allowance Method(I/S or B/S approach)
  Estimating Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
  Income Statement approach(% of sales method)
  Balance sheet approach(% of AR ending balance)
  Balance sheet approach(Aging of receivables method)
  Bad debt expense
  Catch up effect recorded in I/S
  Write-off a specific account receivable
  No effect on I/S
  Balance sheet approach(Aging of receivables method)
  Subsequent collection of AR written off
  先恢复AR与Allowance,再收回AR.
  Pledging(Assignment)-Disclosure
  Factoring of Accounts Receivable(保理)
  Without recourse.Derecognize AR,recognize G/L
  With recourse. GR:a loan with pledging,disclose.
  Transfers and servicing of financial assets
  Based on control transfer
  Control transfer has 3 criteria (F4-17)
  Servicing Assets and liabilities.(F4-18)
  Notes receivable
  NR are written promises to pay a debt.
  Discount NR with recourse should recognize a NR contra account.
  Discount NR without recourse should derecognize NR.
  Discount Cash=Final Value X Discount rate X unmatured days/ 365 days.